Dental plaque refers to a film that is constantly forming. This film is secreted by oral bacteria around the mouth. It is a clear, sticky, colorless film that later solidifies into a pale yellow or brown deposit and settles on the teeth, gums, and gum line. It is often deposited below the gum line.
When it has hardened, it is called calculus or tartar. Bacteria then grows under the calculus and infects the gum and periodontal tissue. This leads to inflammation of the gums and other periodontal diseases. The dead tissue is often seen on the affected teeth as black or brown patches. This condition is called caries or tooth decay.
It is important to understand how plaque forms in order to control its growth. Within hours after brushing, a layer of saliva comprising glycoproteins is formed. This layer is called a pellicle.
Bacteria start attaching to the pellicle and form microcolonies. This can cause oral diseases. Since the pellicle is constantly formed, the bacteria cover the entire mouth and proliferate. Due to this, microcolonies are formed all over the mouth.
Plaque normally contains oral bacteria and has leukocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes, and Neutrophils. These comprise the normal bacterial population of the mouth and contribute to oral health. Streptococcus mutants and other anaerobic bacteria are by far the most common type of bacteria in the mouth.
The exact bacterial population depends on the location in the mouth. Streptococcus mutants, fusobacteria, and actinobacteria are the primary types of bacteria on the surface of the teeth. The presence of such bacteria is normal, and they are harmless.
However, one should remember that accumulation allows them to proliferate at an uncontrolled rate. They can also produce various acids. thus leading to a variety of dental diseases.
The conditions of the mouth are highly favorable for bacterial growth. The pH range from 6 to 7 and the temperature of 35 to 36° C are ideal. Aerobic bacteria use up the oxygen during redox reactions, creating a paucity of oxygen in the mouth — this allows anaerobic and harmful bacteria to grow. The hard surface of the teeth help the plaque in adhering to it.
Dental plaque buildup is easily prevented by brushing for two minutes twice a day with fluoride toothpaste. You should ensure that your teeth are comprehensively cleaned. Post dinner brushing, flossing, or brushing with an interdental brush is helpful in removing leftover food and plaque.
However, when it hardens into calculus, it needs professional cleaning. Limit starchy, sugary foods, particularly foods that easily get stuck in your teeth. Snack with raw vegetables like celery, which helps in removing plaque. Periodic dental visits for dental examinations and professional cleanings are highly beneficial for healthy teeth.
